Instead, they assume that all hypnotic phenomena involve only cognitive and neural states similar to those occurring outside of hypnosis. Major psychological models of hypnosis called the Non-State View theories explicitly reject the existence of a special hypnotic state. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭoes a hypnotized person enter a special hypnotic state that is completely outside the range of normal mental states and cognition? This question has been under debate throughout the history of hypnosis research. ![]() and P.S.), the Academy of Finland and by the aivoAALTO Grant (121031) from Aalto University (L.N.). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This study was supported by the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation ( ) (S.K. Received: Accepted: SeptemPublished: October 24, 2011Ĭopyright: © 2011 Kallio et al. PLoS ONE 6(10):Įditor: Jan Lauwereyns, Kyushu University, Japan Our data nevertheless highlight that in some cases hypnosis may involve a special state, which qualitatively differs from the normal state of consciousness.Ĭitation: Kallio S, Hyönä J, Revonsuo A, Sikka P, Nummenmaa L (2011) The Existence of a Hypnotic State Revealed by Eye Movements. For the majority of people, hypnotic induction brings about states resembling normal focused attention or mental imagery. Control subjects could not imitate these changes voluntarily. Our results show that this ‘trance stare’ is associated with large and objective changes in the optokinetic reflex, the pupillary reflex and programming a saccade to a single target. These changes correspond well with the phenomenon referred to as the “trance stare” in the hypnosis literature. We present a detailed case study of a highly hypnotizable subject who reliably shows a range of changes in both automatic and volitional eye movements when given a hypnotic induction. So far, a hypnotic state has never been convincingly demonstrated, if the criteria for the state are that it involves some objectively measurable and replicable behavioural or physiological phenomena that cannot be faked or simulated by non-hypnotized control subjects. Different theoretical approaches disagree as to whether or not hypnosis may involve an altered mental state. Love’s reading of the paper and the fact that I have no methodological details of the therapy utilized.Hypnosis has had a long and controversial history in psychology, psychiatry and neurology, but the basic nature of hypnotic phenomena still remains unclear. I tried to track this paper down (particularly because my own research career began with my work on aversive conditioning) but it doesn’t appear in any academic databases and the journal’s website only has papers dating back to 2002 (even though the journal was founded in 1973). The treatment was said to be successful as following treatment as the man no longer had sexual feelings toward his mother-in-law. Ringrose used hypnosis and an aversive conditioning technique to pair thoughts of his mother in law with both an aversive smell (ammonia) and an aversive taste (castor oil). In this paper, a young adult male sought treatment for his overwhelming sexual attraction to his mother-in-law. Douglas Ringrose in the 'British Journal of Sexual Medicine'. ![]() Love makes heavy reference to is a 1989 paper by Dr. Love also makes reference to the fact that hypnosis has occasionally been used in the treatment of sexual problems and dysfunctions. Lady Izabelle, arguably the most infamous ‘hypnodomme’ (a BDSM dominatrix specializing in hypnotic sex play) and a practitioner of sexual hypnofetishism has written a number of online articles about the practice of hypnofetishism. Peter Masters, author of the book 'Look Into My Eyes: How to Use Hypnosis to Bring Out the Best In Your Sex Life' defines hypnofetishism as “the use of hypnosis or images of hypnosis, to cause or increase sexual arousal”. More recent online sources such as the 'Write World' website define hypnophilia as an ”abnormal affection towards sleep or of being hypnotized”. ![]() Anil Aggrawal (in his book 'Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices') defines hypnophilia as being sexually aroused by the thought of sleeping (which for me suggests the condition is more akin to somnophilia which I wrote about in a previous blog). In collating material for this article, I came across a number of references to hypnophilia although most references to it are more concerned with sleep rather than hypnosis.
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